2024 Indonesian general election
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All 580 seats in the House of Representatives 291 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Politics of Indonesia |
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General elections are scheduled to be held in Indonesia on 14 February 2024 to elect the President, Vice President, People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) which consists of the House of Representatives (DPR), the Senate (DPD), and members of local legislative bodies at the provincial and city/regency level.[1][2] The newly elected members of the MPR will be sworn in on 1 October 2024, while the elected President and Vice President will be sworn in on 20 October 2024.[3] Incumbent President Joko Widodo is ineligible to run for a third term due to the term limits established by the Indonesian constitution.[4]
Electoral system[edit]
The previous election was regulated by Law No. 7 of 2017. The General Elections Commission (KPU), a legally independent government body was responsible for organizing the election. In addition, the vote is monitored by the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu), which also has the authority to rule on violations of election rules (e.g. administrative errors, vote-buying, etc.). Any ethical violations committed by either Bawaslu or the KPU were to be handled by the Elections Organiser Honours Council (DKPP), which consists of one member from each body and five others recommended by the government. The same system and regulations are expected to be applied in 2024.
Voters will be given three ballot papers: one for the presidential candidates and their running mate, one for the Regional Representative Council (DPD) and one for House of Representatives. Voters use a nail to poke a hole in the ballot paper indicating which party or candidate they wish to vote for, and then dip their fingers in ink as a precaution against voter fraud.
Presidential[edit]
In order to run as a presidential candidate, a candidate must be formally endorsed by a political party or a coalition thereof which compose either 20 percent of seats in the DPR or 25 percent of popular votes in the prior election, i.e. in the 2019 election.[5] Political parties are allowed to remain neutral if they are unable to propose their own candidate. However, if a neutral party(s) is able to endorse their own candidate, they are required to do so, or face being barred from participating in the next election.
The voting procedure followed a two-round system, with voters simply choosing one of the candidate pairs. A candidate will be required to win a majority and at least 20% of the votes in over half of Indonesia's provinces to be declared the winner. If no candidate pairs had fulfilled the criterion (50%+1 of total popular votes), the election will be repeated or progressed to a second round with only the two candidates receiving the most popular votes.
According to the Indonesian Electoral Law No. 7 of 2017, presidential candidates must:
- Be at least 40 years old (the requirement has not changed);
- Be resident in Indonesia for at least 5 years;
- Not have foreign citizenship, either at the time of the election or at any time before.
Legislative[edit]
Members of both the House of Representatives or People's Representative Council (DPR) and the Regional People's Representative Councils (DPRD) are elected from multi-member electoral districts through voting with an open list system, and seat distribution is done with the Sainte-Laguë method. There is a gender quota requiring at least 30% of registered candidates to be female.
A 4% parliamentary threshold is set for parties to be represented in the DPR, though candidates could still win seats in the regional councils provided they won sufficient votes. There are 580 DPR seats contested. Nationally, there are 84 DPR electoral districts, with 301 provincial and 2,375 municipal electoral districts. Senatorial candidates for the DPD are not allowed to be members of any political party. Four senators are elected for each province – a total of 152 members from all 38 provinces.[6]
This will be the first elections for provincial deputies and senators of both Houses for Central Papua, Southwest Papua, South Papua, and Highland Papua - all new provinces formed in 2022. On 12 December 2022, Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 signed and published to amend the 2017 electoral law to make the new electoral regions to those provinces and facilitate the election there.[7]
Nusantara, the designated new national capital, is expected to not to be developed as new separate electoral region in the 2024 general election. Proposed plans by the government is currently not focused on the establishment of new electoral region and districts in Nusantara due to its under-construction state and currently as there are few people currently living in Nusantara, less than the standard number of people to be established as a new electoral district. Due to this, a new temporary mechanism is currently devised by the government for DPR to serve as the temporary representation body until 2029, when Nusantara can be deemed capable to be established as new electoral region. For 2024 election, electors living within Nusantara are considered a part of the East Kalimantan electoral region and thus the regional representatives to the DPR that covers the area, as well as the provincial senators at large, will be elected.[8][9][10]
Voters[edit]
The voting age is 17, or less if the voter has an Indonesian identity e-card or e-KTP in account of marriage.[11] Members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and the Indonesian Police (Polri) are not allowed to vote.[12]
On 18 April 2023, KPU announced that there were provisionally 205,853,818 registered voters, including 1,574,737 voters registered overseas. It was planned that the vote will be held in 823,287 polling stations (TPS).[13] This was updated to a "final" figure of 204,807,222 voters in July 2023, who were to vote in 823,220 polling stations.[14]
Contesting parties[edit]
To participate in the election, political parties must have branches in every province in Indonesia, 75% of regencies or cities in those provinces, and 50% of districts in regencies where the party have branches.[15] In April 2022, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights declared the names of 75 national political parties eligible to register for the 2024 elections.[16][17] In the end, a total of 24 political parties registered with the KPU to run in the election nationally.[18] On 14 December 2022, the KPU announced that 17 parties would be eligible to contest the legislative election.
The Ummah Party, who the KPU deemed not qualified to participate in the elections, accused the KPU of irregularities in the process. The party subsequently filed a written complaint.[19] Following mediations brokered by General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) between the party and the KPU on 20 and 21 December, Bawaslu instructed the electoral commission to repeat the verification process for Ummah Party.[20] The party declared as qualified to participate in the election on 30 December.[21][22]
Meanwhile, the Just and Prosperous People's Party (PRIMA), which registration was initially rejected, filed a lawsuit against KPU, and won the right for a second verification from the KPU.[23] However, on 19 April 2023, the KPU deemed PRIMA not qualified to participate in 2024 elections after the party failed in its factual verification phase, where the KPU found the party's membership numbers below the required threshold.[24]
Presidential election[edit]
Candidates[edit]
In July 2017, the People's Representative Council (DPR) passed a law that only parties or coalitions with at least 20% of seats in the legislature (i.e. 115 seats), or 25% of votes in the previous election are eligible to submit a presidential candidate. Requirements for presidential/vice-presidential candidates are, Indonesian-born citizens, Indonesian citizens who were born abroad, a minimum age of 40 and a requirement to "have a belief in the One and Only God". If the candidates had spouses, they also had to be Indonesian citizens. A criminal record resulting in over five years of incarceration or an active bankruptcy bars a candidate from running.[26] An October 2023 ruling by the Constitutional Court of Indonesia added an exception to the 40-year minimum age criteria, allowing those younger than 40 who had been previously elected as regional leaders to run as presidential or vice-presidential candidates. This allowed 36-year-old Gibran Rakabuming, son of incumbent president Jokowi and mayor of Surakarta, to run for the vice-presidency. The ruling was controversial as the court chief justice, Anwar Usman, is Gibran's uncle.[27][28][29] Anwar Usman was ultimately demoted by Majelis Kehormatan Mahkamah Konstitusi or the Honorary Council of the Constitutional Court from the position of Chief Justice on November 8th after finding him guilty of conflict of interest on the ruling.[30]
The Anies Baswedan–Muhaimin Iskandar and Ganjar Pranowo–Mahfud MD pairs officially registered with the General Elections Commission on 19 October 2023.[31] The Prabowo Subianto–Gibran Rakabuming pair officially registered on 25 October 2023.[32]
Nominees[edit]
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Withdrawn support[edit]
The National Awakening Party had previously declared support for Prabowo Subianto but later rescinded their support and declared support for Anies Baswedan with the National Awakening Party's Chairman, Muhaimin Iskandar, being selected as Anies Baswedan's running mate.[33][34]
Demokrat had previously declared support for Anies Baswedan, but due to the selection of Muhaimin Iskandar as Anies Baswedan's running mate, Demokrat Party's Chairman Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono rescinded their support and then declared support for Prabowo Subianto.[35][36]
The Indonesian Solidarity Party had previously declared their support for Ganjar Pranowo but rescinded support and on 24 October 2023, officially declared support for Prabowo Subianto[37][38]
Endorsements[edit]
Debates[edit]
Five concurrent televised presidential and vice presidential debates were held between 12 December 2023 and 4 February 2024.[39][40]
Legislative election[edit]
Contested seats[edit]
| Level | Institution | Seats contested | Change from 2019 elections |
|---|---|---|---|
| National | People's Representative Council Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) |
580 | 5
|
| Regional Representative Council Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) |
152 | 16[d]
| |
| Provincial Provinsi |
Provincial People's Regional Representative Council Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi (DPRD I) |
2,372 | 165
|
| Regency/Municipal Kabupaten/Kota |
Regency/Municipal People's Regional Representative Council Dewan Perwakilian Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota (DPRD II) |
17,510 | 170
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| Total | 20,614 | 356
| |
Candidates[edit]
All legislative candidates has to be Indonesian citizens, over 21 years old, senior high school (or equivalent) graduates, and have never been convicted for a crime resulting in a sentence of 5 years or more. In addition, the candidates for the People's Representative Council (DPR) or local legislatures has to be endorsed by a political party and are required to resign from their non-legislative government offices – except for the president and vice president – or their state-owned company positions. Legislators running for reelection or another body through a new political party are also required to resign.[43] For each electoral district, political parties are required to have at least 30 percent of running candidates, rounded to the closest whole number, be women. This was changed from the regulations in effect in the 2019 election, where the 30 percent figure would be rounded up, and thus less women candidates overall would be required.[44]
Candidate registration was opened between 1–14 May 2023, with a total of 10,341 candidates registering to run for DPR. This included 17 of the 18 national parties registering a maximum of 580 candidates allowed each, with only the Gelora Party registering less with 481 candidates.[45] Approximately 1,100 individuals registered as candidates for the Regional Representative Council, with only 622 passing requirements.[46]
Opinion polls[edit]
President[edit]
House of Representatives[edit]
This graph shows the polling trends in the run-up to the 2024 Indonesian legislative election. Scenario polls are not included.
The electoral threshold to obtain seats is currently set at 4%.
Finance[edit]
The Indonesian Government budgeted Rp 25 trillion (~USD 1.7 billion) for the election preparations in 2022–2023, over half of which was used by the General Elections Commission and most of the remaining funds used by the General Election Supervisory Agency.[47] According to KPU chairman Hasyim Asyari, the costs of printing the legislative ballots alone would be over Rp 800 billion.[48]
Preliminary results[edit]
President[edit]
| Candidate | Running mate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||
| Anies Baswedan | Muhaimin Iskandar (PKB) | Independent | 0 | – | 0 | – | |
| Prabowo Subianto | Gibran Rakabuming (Independent) | Gerindra | 0 | – | 0 | – | |
| Ganjar Pranowo | Mahfud MD (Independent) | PDI-P | 0 | – | 0 | – | |
| Total | 0 | – | 0 | – | |||
By province[edit]
| Votes by province |  |
 |
 |
Total Votes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anies Baswedan
Independent |
Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra |
Ganjar Pranowo
PDI-P | ||||||
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| Sumatra | Aceh | |||||||
| North Sumatra | ||||||||
| West Sumatra | ||||||||
| Riau | ||||||||
| Jambi | ||||||||
| South Sumatra | ||||||||
| Bengkulu | ||||||||
| Lampung | ||||||||
| Bangka Belitung Islands | ||||||||
| Riau Islands | ||||||||
| Java | Banten | |||||||
| Jakarta | ||||||||
| West Java | ||||||||
| Central Java | ||||||||
| Yogyakarta | ||||||||
| East Java | ||||||||
| Kalimantan | West Kalimantan | |||||||
| Central Kalimantan | ||||||||
| South Kalimantan | ||||||||
| East Kalimantan | ||||||||
| North Kalimantan | ||||||||
| Lesser Sunda | Bali | |||||||
| West Nusa Tenggara | ||||||||
| East Nusa Tenggara | ||||||||
| Sulawesi | North Sulawesi | |||||||
| Gorontalo | ||||||||
| Central Sulawesi | ||||||||
| Southeast Sulawesi | ||||||||
| West Sulawesi | ||||||||
| South Sulawesi | ||||||||
| Maluku | Maluku | |||||||
| North Maluku | ||||||||
| Papua | Papua | |||||||
| West Papua | ||||||||
| South Papua | ||||||||
| Central Papua | ||||||||
| Highland Papua | ||||||||
| Southwest Papua | ||||||||
| Overseas | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
Legislative[edit]
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | +/– | Seats | +/– | |
| Great Indonesia Movement Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Party of Functional Groups | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| National Awakening Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Nasdem Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Labour Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Indonesian People's Wave Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Prosperous Justice Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Nusantara Awakening Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| People's Conscience Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Change Indonesia Guardian Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| National Mandate Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Crescent Star Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Democratic Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Indonesian Solidarity Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Indonesian Unity Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| United Development Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ummah Party | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 0 | – | ||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 0 | – | ||||
| Total votes | 0 | 100.00 | ||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 0 | – | ||||
Notes[edit]
- ^ Includes PDI-P, the United Development Party, the Perindo Party, and the People's Conscience Party.
- ^ Includes Nasdem, the National Awakening Party, the Prosperous Justice Party, the Ummah Party, the Aceh Abode Party, the Independent Solidity of the Acehnese Party, and the Aceh Just and Prosperous Party.
- ^ Includes Gerindra, the Golkar Party, the Democratic Party, the National Mandate Party, the Indonesian Solidarity Party, the Crescent Star Party, the Garuda Party, the Gelora Party, and the Aceh Party.
- ^ Due to the formation of four new provinces in Western New Guinea: Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, and Southwest Papua.[42]
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