2024 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2024.
2024 in science |
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Fields |
Technology |
Social sciences |
Paleontology |
Extraterrestrial environment |
Terrestrial environment |
Other/related |
Flora[edit]
Plants[edit]
"Algae"[edit]
Phycological research[edit]
- Evidence from genomic data, interpreted as indicating that the brown algae originated during the Ordovician but their major diversification happened during the Mesozoic, is presented by Choi et al. (2024).[2]
- Kiel et al. (2024) report the discovery of kelp holdfasts from the Oligocene strata in Washington State (United States), providing evidence of the presence of kelp in the northeastern Pacific Ocean since the earliest Oligocene.[3]
Fungi[edit]
New taxa[edit]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kundu & Khan |
Miocene |
A member of the family Meliolaceae. Announced in 2023; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2024. |
Mycological research[edit]
- Garcia Cabrera & Krings (2024) describe fungi colonizing bulbils of Palaeonitella cranii from the Devonian Rhynie chert, interpreted as distinct from fungi colonizing the axes and branchlets of P. cranii, which might indicate organ-specific colonization.[5]
Cnidarians[edit]
New taxa[edit]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Luo et al. |
Carboniferous |
Shiqiantan Formation |
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Bothrophyllidae. |
||||
Bothrophyllum junggarense[6] |
Sp. nov |
Luo et al. |
Carboniferous |
Shiqiantan Formation |
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Bothrophyllidae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Luo et al. |
Carboniferous |
Shiqiantan Formation |
A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Cyathopsidae. |
Arthropods[edit]
Brachiopods[edit]
New taxa[edit]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Jin et al. |
Silurian (Rhuddanian) |
Odins Fjord Formation |
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the superfamily Pentameroidea and the family Virgianidae. The type species is B. balderi. |
|||
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Gaudin |
Carboniferous |
A member of the family Rugosochonetidae; a replacement name for Robertsella Chen & Shi (2003). |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jin et al. |
Ordovician (Katian) |
Merqujoq Formation |
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Virgianidae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jin et al. |
Silurian (Aeronian) |
Odins Fjord Formation |
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the superfamily Stricklandioidea and the family Kulumbellidae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jin et al. |
Silurian (Rhuddanian) |
Turesø Formation |
A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Virgianidae. |
Molluscs[edit]
Echinoderms[edit]
New taxa[edit]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Schlüter |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
Research[edit]
- A review of the early evolution of echinoderms is published by Rahman and Zamora (2024). [10]
- Evidence of increase of diversity of adaptations to different life habits through out the evolutionary history of Cambrian and Ordovician echinoderms is presented by Novack-Gottshall et al. (2024).[11]
- Bohatý et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Monstrocrinus from the Devonian strata in Germany, and reinterpret Monstrocrinus as an attached, stalked echinoderm.[12]
Conodonts[edit]
New taxa[edit]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ssp. nov |
Valid |
Orchard & Golding |
Middle Triassic |
|||||
Neogondolella excentrica sigmoidalis[13] |
Ssp. nov |
Valid |
Orchard & Golding |
Middle Triassic |
||||
Neogondolella quasiconstricta[13] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Orchard & Golding |
Middle Triassic |
||||
Neogondolella quasicornuta[13] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Orchard & Golding |
Middle Triassic |
Research[edit]
- Redescription of Stiptognathus borealis is published by Zhen (2024).[14]
Fish[edit]
Amphibians[edit]
New taxa[edit]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kwatisuchus[15] | Gen. et sp. nov | Pinheiro et al. | Early Triassic | Sanga do Cabral Formation | Brazil | A benthosuchid temnospondyl. The type species is K. rosai. | ||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Werneburg et al. |
An eryopid temnospondyl. The type species is S. boldi. |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Gómez et al. |
Miocene |
A species of Telmatobius. |
|||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Santos et al. |
Oligocene |
A typhlonectid caecilian. The type species is Y. acrux. |
Research[edit]
- Porro, Martin-Silverstone & Rayfield (2024) redescribe the anatomy of the skull of Eoherpeton watsoni and present a new, three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull.[19]
- Redescription and a study on the affinities of Hyperokynodon keuperinus is published by Schoch (2024).[20]
- A study on the affinities of Chinlestegophis jenkinsi is published by Marjanović et al. (2024), whose phylogenetic analysis doesn't support the interpretation of C. jenkinsi and stereospondyls in general as stem caecilians.[21]
- Syromyatnikova et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a member of the genus Andrias from the Pliocene Belorechensk Formation (Krasnodar Krai, Russia), representing one of the geologically youngest and easternmost records of giant salamanders in Europe reported to date.[22]
- A specimen of Gansubatrachus qilianensis preserved with eggs within its body, interpreted as a skeletally immature gravid female, is described from the Lower Cretaceous Zhonggou Formation (China) by Du et al. (2024).[23]
- A diverse assemblage of amphibian fossils is described from the Miocene and Pliocene strata from the Hambach surface mine (Germany) by Villa, Macaluso & Mörs (2024), who interpret the studied fossils as indicative of a humid climate persisting in the area throughout the Neogene.[24]
- Reisz, Maho & Modesto (2024) reevaluate the affinities of recumbirostrans and lysorophians, arguing that the studied tetrapods were not amniotes.[25]
Reptiles[edit]
Synapsids[edit]
Non-mammalian synapsids[edit]
New taxa[edit]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Martin et al. |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) |
|||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Averianov et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A tegotheriid docodont. The type species is E. ichchi. |
|||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kerber et al. |
Triassic |
A traversodontid cynodont. The type species is P. franciscaensis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Martinelli et al. |
Triassic |
A chiniquodontid cynodont. The type species is R. nenoi. |
Research[edit]
- Sidor & Mann (2024) describe an articulated sternum and interclavicle of a specimen of Aelurognathus tigriceps from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia), providing new information on the anatomy of the sternum in gorgonopsians.[30]
- Benoit et al. (2024) reevaluate the provenance of three gorgonopsian specimens from purported Lower Triassic strata in the Karoo Basin (South Africa), and interpret the studied fossils as expanding the range of the genus Cyonosaurus higher up in the extinction zone, but don't confirm the survival of gorgonopsians past the Permian–Triassic extinction event.[31]
- A study on dental complexity in gomphodont cynodonts through time, indicating that the peak in postcanine complexity was reached early in the gomphodont evolution, is published by Hendrickx et al. (2024).[32]
- Kaiuca et al. (2024) provide new body mass estimates for multiple cynodont taxa, and report that rates of body size evolution were lower in prozostrodontians ancestral to the first Mammaliaformes than in other lineages.[33]
Mammals[edit]
Other animals[edit]
New taxa[edit]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Zhao et al. |
Ediacaran |
Dengying Formation |
A possible member of Trilobozoa. The type species is L. tribrachialis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Park et al. |
Cambrian |
Sirius Passet Lagerstätte |
A member of the stem group of Chaetognatha. The type species is K. koprii. |
Research[edit]
- Cao, Meng & Cai (2024) use electrochemical methods to simulate the process of tube generation of Cloudina under the same phosphorus content as modern seawater.[36]
- Wang et al. (2024) describe fossil material of two distinct types of archaeocyaths from the Cambrian Shuijingtuo and Xiannüdong formations (China), including fossils with complicated interior network of canals which might be remains of a water filtration mechanism more complex and efficient than the ones seen in sponges.[37]
- Turk et al. (2024) redescribe the type material of Archaeichnium haughtoni, and interpret it as one of the earliest examples of marine worm burrow linings in the fossil record reported to date.[38]
Other organisms[edit]
Research[edit]
- Demoulin et al. (2024) interpret Polysphaeroides filiformis from the Proterozoic Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of the Congo) as a photosynthetic cyanobacterium representing the oldest unambiguous complex fossil member of Stigonemataceae known to date.[39]
- Evidence of preservation of thylakoid membranes within 1.78- to 1.73-billion-year-old fossils of Navifusa majensis from the McDermott Formation (Tawallah Group; Australia) and in 1.01- to 0.9-billion-year-old specimens from the Grassy Bay Formation (Shaler Supergroup; Canada) is reported by Demoulin et al. (2023).[40]
- A study comparing the preservation of fossils of cyanobacterial assemblages from the Ediacaran Gaojiashan biota and from the Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota (China) is published by Min et al. (2024), who interpret the differences of preservation modes of the studied fossils as resulting from changes of atmospheric CO2 levels, which may have risen to approximately ten times present atmospheric level during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, and from related changes in marine chemical conditions.[41]
- Miao et al. (2024) describe 1.63-billion-year-old fossils of Qingshania magnifica from the Chuanlinggou Formation (China), and interpret the studied fossils as indicating that simple multicellularity evolved early in eukaryote history.[42]
- A study on the depositional setting of the strata of the Diabaig and Loch na Dal formations (Scotland, United Kingdom) preserving approximately 1-billion-year-old eukaryotic microfossils is published by Nielson, Stüeken & Prave (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that early eukaryotes from the studied formations lived in estuaries rather than lakes, and were likely exposed to frequently changing water conditions.[43]
History of life in general[edit]
- Ediacaran shallow-marine macrofossils from the Llangynog Inlier (Wales, United Kingdom) are determined to be approximately 564.09 million years old by Clarke et al. (2024).[44]
- Evidence from the strata of the Dengying, Yanjiahe and Shuijingtuo formations (China), interpreted as indicative of the existence of a relationship between variable oceanic oxygenation, nitrogen supply and the evolution of early Cambrian life, is presented by Wei et al. (2024).[45]
- Slater (2024) describes a diverse assemblage of arthropod and molluscan microfossil from the Cambrian Stage 3 Mickwitzia Sandstone (Sweden), providing evidence of diversification of molluscan radulae which happened by the early Cambrian.[46]
- Evidence from strata from the Permian–Triassic transition from southwest China, interpreted as indicative of temporal decoupling of the terrestrial and marine extinctions in Permian tropics during the Permian–Triassic extinction event and of a protracted terrestrial extinction spanning approximately 1 million years, is presented by Wu et al. (2024).[47]
- Simms & Drost (2024) interpret Triassic caves within Carboniferous limestone outcrops in south-west Britain as Carnian in age, and consider terrestrial vertebrate fossils preserved in those caves to be Carnian or at least significantly pre-Rhaetian in age.[48]
- Evidence from calcareous nannofossils and small foraminifera from the Transylvanian Basin (Romania), interpreted as indicative of the appearance of a diverse continental vertebrate faunal assemblage on Hațeg Island by the second half of the late Campanian, presence of kogaionid multituberculates in the earliest known Hațeg faunas, and post-Campanian arrivial of hadrosauroids and titanosaur sauropods on the island, is presented by Bălc et al. (2024).[49]
- Fossil material of a reef biota that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, including scleractinian corals and domical and bulbous growth forms which might be fossils of calcified sponges, is described from the Maastrichtian and Paleocene strata from the Adriatic islands Brač and Hvar (Croatia) by Martinuš et al. (2024).[50]
Other research[edit]
- 563-million-year-old horizontal markings with similarities to horizontal animal trace fossils, reported from the Itajaí Basin (Brazil), are interpreted as pseudofossils of tectonic origin by Becker Kerber et al. (2024), who propose a set of criteria which can be used to evaluate the identity of putative trace fossils.[51]
- A study on silicified fossils from the Ordovician Edinburg Formation (Virginia, United States), aiming to determine sources of potential bias in fossil recovery, is published by Jacobs et al. (2024).[52]
- Eberth (2024) revises the stratigraphic architecture of the Campanian Belly River Group (Alberta, Canada).[53]
- Wiseman, Charles & Hutchinson (2024) compare multiple reconstructions of the musculature of Australopithecus afarensis, evaluating the capability of different models to maintain an upright, single-support limb posture, and find that models which are otherwise identical might be either able or unable support the body posed on an extended limb solely as a result of changing the input architectural parameters and including or excluding an elastic tendon.[54]
- Sullivan et al. (2024) argue that the process of generating rigorous reconstructions of extinct animals can lead to fresh inferences about the anatomy of the studied animals, and support their claims with examples from dinosaur paleontology.[55]
Paleoclimate[edit]
- A multibillion-year history of seawater δ18O, temperature, and marine and terrestrial clay abundance is reconstructed by Isson & Rauzi (2024), who report evidence interpreted as indicative of temperate Proterozoic climate, and evidence indicating that declines in clay authigenesis coincided with Paleozoic and Cenozoic cooling, the expansion of siliceous life, and the radiation of land plants.[56]
References[edit]
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- ^ Choi, S.-W.; Graf, L.; Choi, J. W.; Jo, J.; Boo, G. H.; Kawai, H.; Choi, C. G.; Xiao, S.; Knoll, A. H.; Andersen, R. A.; Yoon, H. S. (2024). "Ordovician origin and subsequent diversification of the brown algae". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.069. PMID 38262417.
- ^ Kiel, S.; Goedert, J. L.; Huynh, T. L.; Krings, M.; Parkinson, D.; Romero, R.; Looy, C. V. (2024). "Early Oligocene kelp holdfasts and stepwise evolution of the kelp ecosystem in the North Pacific". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 121 (4). e2317054121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2317054121. PMC 10823212. PMID 38227671.
- ^ Kundu, S.; Khan, M. A. (2023). "Black mildew disease on the Siwalik (Miocene) monocot leaves of Western Himalaya, India caused by Meliolinites". Fungal Biology. 128 (1): 1626–1637. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2023.12.006.
- ^ Garcia Cabrera, N.; Krings, M. (2024). "Fungi colonizing bulbils of the charophyte green alga Palaeonitella cranii from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert, Scotland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 310 (2): 99–117. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2023/1172.
- ^ a b c Luo, Z.; Shi, G.; Lin, W.; Chen, J.; Liu, J.; Bai, H.; Liang, K.; Yao, L.; Huang, X.; Qie, W.; Wang, Y. (2024). "Upper Carboniferous Corals around the Junggar Basin, northern Xinjiang, NW China". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. doi:10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2023013.
- ^ a b c d Jin, J.; Rasmussen, C. M. Ø.; Sheehan, P. M.; Harper, D. A. T. (2024). "Late Ordovician and early Silurian virgianid and stricklandioid brachiopods from North Greenland: implications for a warm-water faunal province". Papers in Palaeontology. 10 (1). e1544. doi:10.1002/spp2.1544.
- ^ Gaudin, J. (2024). "Chenshichonetes nom. nov., a new replacement name for Robertsella Chen & Shi, 2003 (Brachiopoda, Rugosochonetidae)". Zootaxa. 5403 (2): 293–294. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5403.2.8.
- ^ Schlüter, N. (2024). "One steps out of line—A "modern" Micraster species (Echinoidea, Spatangoida) with some old-fashioned look, Micraster ernsti sp. nov. from the Campanian (Cretaceous)". Zootaxa. 5403 (1): 80–90. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5403.1.5.
- ^ Rahman, I; Zamora, S (January 2, 2024). "Origin and Early Evolution of Echinoderms". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 52. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-113343.
- ^ Novack-Gottshall, P. M.; Purcell, J.; Sultan, A.; Ranjha, I.; Deline, B.; Sumrall, C. D. (2024). "Ecological novelty at the start of the Cambrian and Ordovician radiations of echinoderms". Palaeontology. 67 (1). e12688. doi:10.1111/pala.12688.
- ^ Bohatý, J.; Poschmann, M. J.; Müller, P.; Ausich, W. I. (2024). "Putting a crinoid on a stalk: new evidence on the Devonian diplobathrid camerate Monstrocrinus". Journal of Paleontology: 1–18. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.84.
- ^ a b c d Orchard, M. J.; Golding, M. L. (2024). "The Neogondolella constricta (Mosher and Clark, 1965) group in the Middle Triassic of North America: speciation and distribution". Journal of Paleontology: 1–31. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.52.
- ^ Zhen, Y. Y. (2024). "Taxonomic revision of the genus Stiptognathus (Conodonta) from the Lower Ordovician of Australia and its biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical significance". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. doi:10.1080/03115518.2024.2306623.
- ^ Pinheiro, Felipe L.; Eltink, Estevan; Paes‐Neto, Voltaire D.; Machado, Arielli F.; Simões, Tiago R.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2024-01-19). "Interrelationships among Early Triassic faunas of Western Gondwana and Laurasia as illuminated by a new South American benthosuchid temnospondyl". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25384. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 38240478.
- ^ Werneburg, R.; Witzmann, F.; Rinehart, L.; Fischer, J.; Voigt, S. (2024). "A new eryopid temnospondyl from the Carboniferous–Permian boundary of Germany". Journal of Paleontology: 1–31. doi:10.1017/jpa.2023.58.
- ^ Gómez, R. O.; Ventura, T.; Turazzini, G. F.; Marivaux, L.; Flores, R. A.; Boscaini, A.; Fernández-Monescillo, M.; Mamani Quispe, B.; Prámparo, M. B.; Fauquette, S.; Martin, C.; Münch, P.; Pujos, F.; Antoine, P.-O. (2024). "A new early water frog (Telmatobius) from the Miocene of the Bolivian Altiplano". Papers in Palaeontology. 10 (1). e1543. doi:10.1002/spp2.1543.
- ^ Santos, R. O.; Wilkinson, M.; Couto Ribeiro, G.; Carvalho, A. B.; Zaher, H. (2024). "The first fossil record of an aquatic caecilian (Gymnophiona: Typhlonectidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad188.
- ^ Porro, L. B.; Martin-Silverstone, E.; Rayfield, E. J. (2024). "Descriptive anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the tetrapod Eoherpeton watsoni Panchen, 1975 from the Carboniferous of Scotland". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: 1–21. doi:10.1017/S175569102300018X.
- ^ Schoch, R. R. (2024). "Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Late Triassic temnospondyl Hyperokynodon keuperinus". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 310 (2): 147–160. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2023/1175.
- ^ Marjanović, D.; Maddin, H. C.; Olori, J. C.; Laurin, M. (2024). "The new problem of Chinlestegophis and the origin of caecilians (Amphibia, Gymnophionomorpha) is highly sensitive to old problems of sampling and character construction". Fossil Record. 27 (1): 55–94. doi:10.3897/fr.27.e109555.
- ^ Syromyatnikova, E. V.; Titov, V. V.; Tesakov, A. S.; Skutschas, P. P. (2024). "A "preglacial" giant salamander from Europe: new record from the Late Pliocene of Caucasus". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 23 (3): 45–57. doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a3.
- ^ Du, B.; Zhang, J.; Gómez, R. O.; Dong, L.; Zhang, M.; Lei, X.; Li, A.; Dai, S. (2024). "A Cretaceous frog with eggs from northwestern China provides fossil evidence for sexual maturity preceding skeletal maturity in anurans". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 291 (2016). 20232320. doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2320. PMC 10846944. PMID 38320608.
- ^ Villa, A.; Macaluso, L.; Mörs, T. (2024). "Miocene and Pliocene amphibians from Hambach (Germany): new evidence for a late Neogene refuge in northwestern Europe". Palaeontologia Electronica. 27 (1). 27.1.a3. doi:10.26879/1323.
- ^ Reisz, R. R.; Maho, T.; Modesto, S. P. (2024). "Recumbirostran 'microsaurs' are not amniotes". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 22 (1). 2296078. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2296078.
- ^ Martin, T.; Averianov, A. O.; Lang, A. J.; Schultz, J. A.; Wings, O. (2024). "Docodontans (Mammaliaformes) from the Late Jurassic of Germany". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2300635.
- ^ Averianov, A. O.; Martin, T.; Lopatin, A. V.; Skutschas, P. P.; Vitenko, D. D.; Schellhorn, R.; Kolosov, P. N. (2024). "Docodontans from the Lower Cretaceous of Yakutia, Russia: new insights into diversity, morphology, and phylogeny of Docodonta". Cretaceous Research. 105836. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2024.105836.
- ^ Kerber, L.; Roese-Miron, L.; Medina, T. G. M.; da Roberto-da-Silva, L.; Cabreira, S. F.; Pretto, F. A. (2024). "Skull anatomy and paleoneurology of a new traversodontid from the Middle-Late Triassic of Brazil". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25385. PMID 38282563.
- ^ Martinelli, A. G.; Ezcurra, M. D.; Fiorelli, L. E.; Escobar, J.; Hechenleitner, E. M.; von Baczko, M. B.; Taborda, J. R. A.; Desojo, J. B. (2024). "A new early-diverging probainognathian cynodont and a revision of the occurrence of cf. Aleodon from the Chañares Formation, northwestern Argentina: New clues on the faunistic composition of the latest Middle–?earliest Late Triassic Tarjadia Assemblage Zone". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25388. PMID 38282519.
- ^ Sidor, C. A.; Mann, A. (2024). "The sternum and interclavicle of Aelurognathus tigriceps (Broom & Haughton, 1913) (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia), with comments on sternal evolution in therapsids". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 23 (6): 85–93. doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a6.
- ^ Benoit, J.; Kammerer, C. F.; Dollman, K.; Groenewald, D. D. P.; Smith, R. M. H. (2024). "Did gorgonopsians survive the end-Permian "Great Dying" ? A re-appraisal of three gorgonopsian specimens (Therapsida, Theriodontia) reported from the Triassic Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 638. 112044. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112044.
- ^ Hendrickx, C.; Abdala, F.; Filippini, F. S.; Wills, S.; Benson, R.; Choiniere, J. N. (2024). "Evolution of postcanine complexity in Gomphodontia (Therapsida: Cynodontia)". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25386. PMID 38282465.
- ^ Kaiuca, J. F. L.; Martinelli, A. G.; Schultz, C. L.; Fonseca, P. H. M.; Tavares, W. C.; Soares, M. B. (2024). "Weighing in on miniaturization: New body mass estimates for Triassic eucynodonts and analyses of body size evolution during the cynodont-mammal transition". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25377. PMID 38229416.
- ^ Zhao, M.; Mussini, G.; Li, Y.; Tang, F.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Li, M.; Chen, A. (2024). "A putative triradial macrofossil from the Ediacaran Jiangchuan Biota". iScience. 27 (2): 108823. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.108823. PMC 10831930. PMID 38303714.
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